Space might be the final frontier, but as China announces plans to build a moon base, NASA begins working on manned missions to Mars and spaceships continue to probe deep space, one group of scholars is asking: are human colonies in space ethical?
鈥淎s long as space colonization was merely the dream of science fiction fans, serious questions about how and if we should do it were moot. However, now that colonies have become a near-term possibility, the question of whether and how we ought to build them becomes pressing,鈥� says Kelly Smith, a philosopher and biologist at Clemson University and founding president of the Society for Social and Conceptual Issues in Astrobiology (SSoCIA). Smith recently co-edited (with Keith Abney, a philosopher at Cal Poly) a special issue of the academic journal Futures devoted to exploring these issues.
Topics like the immediate and irrevocable impact humans will make in space were missing from the discussion until recently.
鈥淣ow, astrobiologists are looking for fossil evidence of past life on Mars, and the possibility that Mars might host microbial life today is growing stronger,鈥� says Linda Billings, a consultant to NASA鈥檚 Astrobiology Program and the Planetary Defense Coordination Office. 鈥淥nce humans land on Mars, the environment will be contaminated for further scientific exploration.鈥�
In the latest issue of Futures, Smith, Billings and 14 other scholars address space colonization from their a variety of disciplines: philosophy, communications, ecology, animal rights, anthropology, and religion. The essays are a collective call to 鈥渋ncorporate the ethical dimensions more explicitly in our decision making,鈥� Smith says.
Billings says the essays 鈥渁re intended to enrich the current dialogue about the future of Mars exploration.鈥� She and Smith both hope NASA and other space agencies around the world take up the conversation.
鈥淲e need more study of the issue before we get too far ahead of ourselves,鈥� Smith says.
The journal essays sprung from discussions leading up to the second biennial meeting of the Society for Social and Conceptual Issues in Astrobiology (SSoCIA), an organization dedicated to interdisciplinary discussion of the many broader issues posed by astrobiology and space exploration more generally.
鈥淪everal SSoCIA members began an intense email exchange over the propriety of human colonization, which led to an intense panel discussion at the 2018 conference that was as stimulating as it was frustrating 鈥� stimulating because it involved an engaging exchange of radically different points of view, but frustrating because it barely scratched the surface,鈥� Smith says. 鈥淭he special issue is an attempt to share the spirit of these exchanges with a wider audience.鈥�
In an 鈥渋nteractive鈥� essay, 鈥淭he Great Colonization Debate鈥�, all 15 contributors explore the broad contours of the debate in an informal, freewheeling, fashion, Smith says. It addresses six central questions:
- Is there a moral duty to preserve humanity through colonization?
- Is any such duty contingent on the good behavior of humanity?
- Is colonization, in the long run, a good or bad thing for Earth鈥檚 other inhabitants?
- Given this discussion, what goals should we be pursuing with respect to colonization right now?
- What alternatives to the traditional model of colonization should we pursue?
- Is it morally permissible to send humans into what is likely to be a hellish situation?
On one side of the continuum, some people argue that humans have no business in space until and unless they prove they can manage the Earth responsibly. They believe that public opinion concerning colonies is driven by a largely uncritical acceptance of ideologies of conquest and domination, which should have no place in the debate. They also point to humanity鈥檚 abysmal environmental record on Earth and ask if we have the right to subject another world to our destructive presence.
Others counter that colonies in space may be the best long-term chance to save humanity, and non-human species as well, from ultimate disaster. If we have moral obligations to do anything, this group says, we have a strong obligation to preserve humans 鈥� the only beings known to be capable of moral reasoning.
鈥淗ow much does ethics demand of us before we make humanity a multi-world species?鈥� Smith asks. 鈥淎 lot, since the bottom line is that no serious discussion of human colonization can proceed responsibly without careful and systematic consideration of these sorts of ethical concerns.鈥�
The essays are:
- 鈥淭he great colonization debate,鈥� by all 15 contributors
- 鈥淗umanity is not prepared to colonize Mars,鈥� by neuroscientist Lori Marino of the Kimmela Center for Animal Advocacy
- 鈥淧olitics of planetary reproduction and the children of other worlds,鈥� by anthropologist Michael Oman-Reagan of Memorial University of Newfoundland
- 鈥淏iodiversity requirements for self-sustaining space colonies,鈥� by ecologist Alan Johnson of Clemson University
- 鈥淎 Hobbesian qualm with space settlement,鈥� by philosopher Koji Tachibana of Kumamoto University in Japan
- 鈥淗omo reductio: Eco-Nihilism and Human Colonization of other worlds,鈥� by philosopher and biologist Kelly Smith of Clemson University
- 鈥淪elf-preservation should be humankind鈥檚 first ethical priority and therefore rapid space settlement is necessary,鈥� by ethicist Brian Patrick Green of Santa Clara University
- 鈥淎n obligation to colonize outer space,鈥� by philosopher Gonzalo Munevar, of Lawrence Technological University
- 鈥淎lien attacks, hell gerbils, and assisted dying: Arguments against saving mere humanity,鈥� by philosopher Adam Potthast of Saint Mary鈥檚 University of Minnesota
- 鈥淐olonizing other planets is a bad idea,鈥� by communications expert Linda Billings of the National Institute of Aerospace
- 鈥淲hich humanity would space colonization save?,鈥� by anthropologist John Traphagan of the University of Texas at Austin
- 鈥淎n alternate vision for colonization,鈥� by linguist Sheri Wells-Jensen, graduate student Brandie Bohney of Bowling Green State University and physicist Joshua Miele of the Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute
- 鈥淕etting off planet,鈥� by mathematician Carl DeVito of the University of Arizona
- 鈥淪pace settlement: What鈥檚 the rush?,鈥� by philosopher James S.J. Schwartz of 成人头条 State University
- 鈥淓thics of colonization: Arguments from existential risk,鈥� by philosopher Keith Abney of Cal Poly State University - San Luis Obispo
- 鈥淭he politics of settling space,鈥� by freelance writer Greg Anderson